Intensive confinement practices, such as gestation crates for pregnant pigs and battery cages for egg-laying hens, prevent animals from turning around or extending their limbs for their entire lives.
Mammals, birds, and increasingly recognized organisms like cephalopods (octopuses) and decapod crustaceans (crabs and lobsters) possess sentience. This means they can experience positive and negative emotional states, including joy, affection, fear, anxiety, and physical pain. Studies show that pigs can play video games, crows can manufacture tools, and elephants mourn their dead. This growing body of evidence forces society to expand its circle of moral consideration. Critical Frontiers in Animal Advocacy Intensive confinement practices
The "gold standard" for welfare is the , developed in the UK in the 1960s: crows can manufacture tools
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