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: Learning through association. For example, a dog associates the sound of a leash with going for a walk, or conversely, associates the sight of a veterinary clinic with fear.

Neurotransmitters like serotonin, norepinephrine, and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) dictate emotional baselines. In animals suffering from generalized anxiety, separation anxiety, or severe phobias (such as noise aversion), the brain is in a constant state of fight-or-flight. zooskool-forum-rapidshare

Physical illness and behavioral changes are deeply interconnected in animals. Because animals cannot communicate their discomfort verbally, they express physical pain or psychological distress through altered actions. : Learning through association