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Introduced arches, domes, minarets, and mortar as a cementing agent. Key examples include the Qutb Minar complex, Alai Darwaza, and Tughlaqabad Fort.

Medieval Indian history is a cornerstone of the UPSC Civil Services Examination (Prelims & Mains). Spanning roughly from the 8th to the 18th century, this era transformed India's political, cultural, and social landscape. For aspirants preparing for 2026, finding concise, high-quality notes is crucial. medieval indian history notes pdf vision ias free