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In the wild, showing signs of pain or illness makes an animal a target for predators. Consequently, most species have evolved to hide their suffering. A cat suffering from severe osteoarthritis may not limp; instead, it might simply stop jumping onto its favorite window sill or become uncharacteristically aggressive when touched.

In human medicine, we assess vital signs: pulse, respiration, temperature, and blood pressure. In advanced veterinary behavior science, experts are pushing for a fifth vital sign: . In the wild, showing signs of pain or