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. Multiple specimens are reconstituted to duplicate the density of the fill material and wetted under varying vertical loads to determine swell pressure (the stress required to prevent swelling) and free swell (expansion under a minimal seating pressure of 1 kPa). Test Method B (Intact Specimens): Primarily used for natural soil deposits Astm D4546-21 Pdf
) that yields upper-bound values. Real-world wetting from rain or leaky pipes rarely achieves total saturation. Lateral Restraint: You can purchase and download the PDF and
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